Since the beginning of the conflict, Iran has used armed Yak-130 trainer-combat aircraft to counter Israeli and American drones and cruise missiles. For this role, the aircraft were equipped with R-73E air-to-air missiles, and patrols of such armed jets were observed during the war, including over Tehran.
In February 2025, Iran conducted the large-scale Zolfagar 1403 exercises, during which Yak-130 aircraft practiced engaging aerial targets while flying in formation with MiG-29 fighters. The arrangement was likely related to the lack of onboard radar on the Yak-130, meaning the training aircraft had to be guided close to an intercept target by a full-capability fighter.
However, during daylight and in favorable weather conditions, the Yak-130 could operate independently, although spotting targets would be more difficult for its crew. The aircraft’s limited sensor capability meant it relied heavily on external support during more complex air defense operations.
Deliveries of the 24 Yak-130 aircraft purchased from Russia began in September 2023 and were largely completed during the following year. These aircraft are stationed at the 8th Fighter Base in Isfahan and were primarily intended for advanced training of new pilots who would later transition to fighter aircraft.
The Yak-130 can also carry a limited range of weapons despite its main training role. This includes up to four R-73E short-range air-to-air missiles and a gun pod, which allow the aircraft to engage aerial targets at close range.
