These sites were previously inaccessible to Israeli forces due to their heavily fortified underground structures. U.S. intelligence assessed that key components were buried deep beneath the surface, necessitating the use of specialised munitions.
Preparations for the strike had been underway for some time, with a notable increase in aircraft deployments to bases in the Middle East and Diego Garcia. The exact composition of the strike force remains officially undisclosed.
According to U.S. media reports based on controlled leaks, B-2A Spirit stealth bombers were used in the operation, each deploying two GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators. Fordow alone was targeted by six bombers delivering a total of twelve such bombs.
Natanz was reportedly hit by a single bomber dropping two GBU-57s. In addition to the aerial bombardment, approximately 30 UGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles were launched during the operation.